| ●   
 
 ● |x| ≥ 0  | 
| ● Jeśli a > 0 to | x | ≤ a ⇔ –a ≤ x ≤ a | 
| ● Jeśli a ≥ 0 to | x | ≥ a ⇔ ( x ≥ a lub x ≤ –a ) | 
| ● |a + b| ≤ | a | + | b | ● |a – b| ≤ | a | + | b | ● |a · b| = | a | · | b | | 
| ●    | 
| ●  | |a| – |b| | ≤ | a + b |  oraz  | |a| – |b| | ≤ | a – b |  | 
 
				
